修改数据库字符集为：ZHS16GBK
查看服务器端字符集
SQL > select * from V$NLS_PARAMETERS;
修改：
$sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn / as sysdba
若此时数据库服务器已启动，则先执行 SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE 命
令关闭数据库服务器，然后执行以下命令:
SQL>shutdown immediate
SQL>STARTUP MOUNT
SQL>ALTER SYSTEM ENABLE RESTRICTED SESSION;
SQL>ALTER SYSTEM SET JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES=0;
SQL>ALTER SYSTEM SET AQ_TM_PROCESSES=0;
SQL>ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
SQL>ALTER DATABASE CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK
若出现超集上面语句无法修改，需使用INTERNAL_USE可以跳过超集的检查：
SQL>ALTER DATABASE CHARACTER SET INTERNAL_USE ZHS16GBK;

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12721: operation cannot execute when other sessions are active

若报以上错误则：select sid,serial#,username,machine from v$session;查看有哪些SESSION，然后

alter system kill session 'sid'serial#' immediate;然后

alter system kill session '158,7' immediate;如这样

SQL>ALTER DATABASE CHARACTER SET INTERNAL_USE ZHS16GBK;
SQL>SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
SQL>STARTUP

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