对开发者和DBA们来说,对shell脚本批量任务的影响成了多宿主选项带来的最大改变之一。因为多宿主环境通过服务来连接到可插拔数据库,因此,依靠CRON和OS认证成了换成多宿主环境后的一个最大问题。本文提供了一些办法来解决之前shell脚本工作在多宿主环境的问题。
1. 设置容器
对于那些工作在容器级的DBA脚本来说,用"/ AS SYSDBA"就可以像之前一样工作。当你在可插拔数据库内运行脚本时,就会出现问题。解决这个问题的最简单办法就是继续用"/ asSYSDBA"连接,但在脚本中用ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER命令设置容器。
sqlplus / as sysdba SQL>
CON_NAME
------------------------------
PDB1
SQL> SQL> Disconnected from OracleDatabase 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, AdvancedAnalytics and Real Application Testing options
$
2. TWO_TASK方法
用TWO_TASK环境变量是连接到特定用户的一个浅显的方法,可惜的是,用"/ ASSYSDBA"连接方法行不通。
$ export TWO_TASK=pdb1
$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.1.0 Production onFri Apr 18 16:54:34 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logondenied
Enter user-name:
用确定的用户名和口令结合TWO_TASK方法,能像之前一样正常工作。
$ export TWO_TASK=pdb1
$ sqlplus test/test
SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.1.0 Production onFri Apr 18 16:57:46 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Last Successful login time: Wed Apr 02 201410:05:22 +01:00
Connected to:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise EditionRelease 12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, AdvancedAnalytics and Real Application Testing options
SQL> SHOW CON_NAME;
CON_NAME
------------------------------
PDB1
SQL>
也许你并不希望在脚本中包含确定的用户名和密码,但如果增加一个指向连接的服务或使用TWO_TASK环境变量,就可以连接到确定的PDB。
3. 安全的外部口令存储
Oracle 10g引进了不用显式提供认证,而是使用安全外部口令存储来连接数据库的能力。这种基于服务的方式事实上也会很好的使用PDB环境。
把下面的项放入"$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora" 文件,并确定要求的钱包目录。
WALLET_LOCATION =
(SOURCE =
(METHOD = FILE)
(METHOD_DATA =
(DIRECTORY = /u01/app/oracle/wallet)
)
)
SQLNET.WALLET_OVERRIDE = TRUE
SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION = FALSE
SSL_VERSION = 0
创建一个钱包来存储认证信息。Oracle11gR2之后,通过orapki很好的实现了该功能,如果将钱包拷到其他机器,将会阻止自动登录。
$ mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/wallet
$ orapki wallet create -wallet"/u01/app/oracle/wallet" -pwd "mypassword"-auto_login_local
Oracle Secret Store Tool : Version 12.1.0.1
Copyright (c) 2004, 2012, Oracle and/or itsaffiliates. All rights reserved.
Enter password:
Enter password again:
$
然后,在创建一个和TNS别名相关的认证项。参数为"aliaSUSErname password".
$ mkstore -wrl"/u01/app/oracle/wallet" -createCredential pdb1_test test test
Oracle Secret Store Tool : Version 12.1.0.1
Copyright (c) 2004, 2012, Oracle and/or itsaffiliates. All rights reserved.
Enter wallet password:
Create credentialoracle.security.client.connect_string1
$
在"$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora"文件中创建一个和钱包中匹配的别名。
PDB1_TEST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = ol6-121.localdomain)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = pdb1)
)
)
至此,我们就可以用钱包中的认证项去连接确定的数据库。
$ sqlplus /@pdb1_test
SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.1.0 Production onSat Apr 19 10:19:38 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Last Successful login time: Sat Apr 19 201410:18:52 +01:00
Connected to:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, AdvancedAnalytics and Real Application Testing options
SQL> SHOW USER
USER is "TEST"
SQL> SHOW CON_NAME
CON_NAME
------------------------------
PDB1
SQL>
4. 调度器
Oracle12c中的调度器已被增强,以便可以包含基于脚本的任务,这样,你就可以定义行内脚本,或在文件系统上调用脚本。这些是外部任务的一个变种,但SQL_SCRIPT和BACKUP_SCRIPT任务类型使得处理认证和多宿主环境变得 更加容易。
catcon.pl
当在多宿主环境运行脚本时,DBA遇到的另一个问题是在多个PDBS中运行同样的脚本。这可以通过前面的方法实现,但Oracle提供的叫"catcon.pl"的PERL模块也许更加方便。
在多宿主环境中,有些Oracle提供的脚本必须按照特定顺序执行,先在CDB$ROOT容器中执行。"catcon.pl" 模块可以完成它,并且提供确定容器的日志,这样,你可以很容易的检查任务完成情况。
该模块的完整语法如下,不带参数运行该模块会显示所有的用法。
$ perl catcon.pl
Usage: catcon [-uusername[/password]] [-U username[/password]]
[-d directory] [-l directory]
[{-c|-C} container] [-pdegree-of-parallelism]
[-e] [-s]
[-E { ON |errorlogging-table-other-than-SPERRORLOG } ]
[-g]
-b log-file-name-base
--
{ sqlplus-script [arguments] |--x } ...
Optional:
-uusername (optional /password; otherwise prompts for password)
used to connect to the database to run user-supplied scripts or
SQL statements
defaults to "/ as sysdba"
-Uusername (optional /password; otherwise prompts for password)
used to connect to the database to perform internal tasks
defaults to "/ as sysdba"
-ddirectory containing the file to be run
-ldirectory to use for spool log files
-ccontainer(s) in which to run sqlplus scripts, i.e. skip all
Containers not named here; for example,
-c 'PDB1 PDB2',
-Ccontainer(s) in which NOT to run sqlplus scripts, i.e. skip all
Containers named here; for example,
-C 'CDB PDB3'
NOTE: -c and -C are mutually exclusive
-pexpected number of concurrent invocations of this script on a given
host
NOTE: this parameter rarely needs to be specified
-esets echo on while running sqlplus scripts
-soutput of running every script will be spooled into a file whose name
will be
__[].
-Esets errorlogging on; if ON is specified, default error logging table
will be used, otherwise, specified error logging table (which must
have been created in every Container) will be used
-gturns on production of debugging info while running this script
Mandatory:
-bbase name (e.g. catcon_test) for log and spool file names
sqlplus-script - sqlplus script to run OR
SQL-statement - a statement toexecute
NOTES:
-if --x is the first non-option string, it needs to be
preceeded with -- to avoid confusing module parsing options into
assuming that '-' is an option which that module is not expecting and
about which it will complain
-command line parameters to SQL scripts can be introduced using --p
interactive (or secret) parameters to SQL scripts can be introduced
using --P
For example,
perl catcon.pl ... x.sql '--pJohn' '--PEnter Password for John:' ...
$
关于运行Oracle提供的脚本,手册中使用了在所有容器中运行"catblock.sql"脚本的例子。
$ . oraenv
ORACLE_SID = [cdb1] ?
The Oracle base remains unchanged with value/u01/app/oracle
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/
$ perl catcon.pl -d $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin-b /tmp/catblock_output catblock.sql
$ ls /tmp/catblock_output*
catblock_output0.log catblock_output1.log catblock_output2.log catblock_output3.log
$
第一个输出文件包含了来自"cdb$root" and "pdb$seed"容器的输出。最后一个文件包含了该任务的整体状态输出信息。中间的其他文件包含了所有用户自己创建的PDBS的输出。
"catcon.pl"模块也能用来在CDB中所有容器中运行查询。下面的命令在所有容器中运行一个查询,针对每个容器,其信息将会输出到名为"/tmp/tbs_files_outputN.log"的文件中。
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/
$ perl catcon.pl -e -b /tmp/tbs_files_output-- --x"SELECT tablespace_name,file_name FROM dba_data_files"
$ ls /tmp/tbs_files_output*
/tmp/tbs_files_output0.log /tmp/tbs_files_output1.log /tmp/tbs_files_output2.log /tmp/tbs_files_output3.log
$
通过"-c"选项和"-C"选项,你可以包含和排除特定的PDBS。下例通过漏掉root 和seed容器来在所有用户定义的容器中运行一个查询。
$ rm -f /tmp/tbs_files_output*
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/
$ perl catcon.pl -e -C 'CDB$ROOT PDB$SEED' -b/tmp/tbs_files_output -- --x"SELECT tablespace_name,file_name FROM dba_data_files"
$
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