Datagard算是Oracle企业版的一种容灾方案，在企业中广泛应用，我就将搭建过程记录下来以作备用。
主机名 数据库版本 实例名 IP
db1 Oracle 11G R2 member 172.16.1.250
db2 Oracle 11G R2 member 172.16.1.251
默认情况下以上都已经安装好了Oracle数据库，但是只在db1上建立了数据库和监听，db2只安装Oracle软件不建库，不建监听。
目录：
打开强制归档日志
增加standby日志组
修改主备启动参数
密码文件的处理
修改监听
复制监听文件、参数文件、密码文件到备库
创建备库控制文件
复制主库数据文件和日志文件到备库
初始化及配置备库做standby
DataGuard测试
主备切换测试
基础工作:
a.安装CentOS 5.11 x86_64,关闭selinux，iptables，自动对时
b.安装Oracle 11G R2,db1安装软件、监听及建库,db2只安装软件不建库
可以参考: 与
在db1的/etc/hosts里增加
127.0.0.1 db1
172.16.1.251 db2
在db2的/etc/hosts里增加
127.0.0.1 db2
172.16.1.250 db1
打开强制归档(db1)
(db1)SQL >shutdown immediate;
(db1)SQL >startup mount;
(db1)SQL >alter database force logging;
(db1)SQL >alter database archivelog;
2.创建重做日志组(必须要比原来的redo log多一组或多组,standby redo log是使用Real Time Apply的必要条件)
(db1)SQL> select group#,member from v$logfile;
GROUP# MEMBER
------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
3 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/redo03.log
2 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/redo02.log
1 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/redo01.log
从上面可以看出现在已经有3组redo log.
(db1)SQL >alter database add standby logfile ('/opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby04.log') size 50m;
(db1)SQL >alter database add standby logfile ('/opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby05.log') size 50m;
(db1)SQL >alter database add standby logfile ('/opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby06.log') size 50m;
(db1)SQL >alter database add standby logfile ('/opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby07.log') size 50m;
再查下日志组是否创建成功
(db1)SQL> select group#,member from v$logfile;
GROUP# MEMBER
------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
3 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/redo03.log
2 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/redo02.log
1 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/redo01.log
4 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby04.log
5 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby05.log
6 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby06.log
7 /opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby07.log
可以看到我们创建的4组日志
3.修改主备库的启动参数
生成参数文件
(db1)SQL> create pfile='/tmp/member.pfile' from spfile;
退出sqlplus,用编辑器打开/tmp/member.pfile
[oracle@db1 ~]$ vi /tmp/member.pfile
member.__db_cache_size=331350016
member.__java_pool_size=4194304
member.__large_pool_size=4194304
member.__oracle_base='/opt/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
member.__pga_aggregate_target=339738624
member.__sga_target=503316480
member.__shared_io_pool_size=0
member.__shared_pool_size=150994944
member.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/opt/oracle/admin/member/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.0.0'
*.control_files='/opt/oracle/oradata/member/control01.ctl','/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/member/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='member'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4070572032
*.diagnostic_dest='/opt/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=memberXDB)'
*.log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.dbf'
*.memory_target=839909376
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
#增加一下部分
*.db_unique_name='db1'
*.archive_lag_target=1800
*.fal_client='db1'
*.fal_server='db2'
*.log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(db1,db2)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ VALID_FOR=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=db1'
*.log_archive_dest_2='service=db2 lgwr async valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=db2'
*.log_archive_dest_state_1='enable'
*.log_archive_dest_state_2='enable'
*.log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.dbf'
*.standby_file_management='auto'
*.db_file_name_convert='/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area',' /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.log_file_name_convert='/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area ','/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
并拷贝一个作为备机db2的启动参数文件
[oracle@db1 ~]$ cp /tmp/member.pfile /tmp/db2.pfile
[oracle@db1 ~]$ vim /tmp/db2.pfile
则将上面增加的部分修改为
*.db_unique_name='db2'
*.archive_lag_target=1800
*.fal_client='db2'
*.fal_server='db1'
*.log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(db1,db2)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ VALID_FOR=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=db2'
*.log_archive_dest_2='service=db1 lgwr async valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=db1'
*.log_archive_dest_state_1='enable'
*.log_archive_dest_state_2='enable'
*.log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.dbf'
*.standby_file_management='auto'
*.db_file_name_convert='/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area',' /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.log_file_name_convert='/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area ','/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
在db1上以修改过的/tmp/member.pfile启动
(db1)SQL >shutdown immediate;
(db1)SQL> startup pfile='/tmp/member.pfile' nomount;
(db1)SQL> create spfile from pfile='/tmp/member.pfile';
(db1)SQL >shutdown immediate;
(db1)SQL> startup;
4.主库密码文件:
[1]存在密码文件
[oracle@db1 dbs]$ ls $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
hc_DBUA0.dat hc_member.dat init.ora lkDB1 lkMEMBER orapwmember spfilemember.ora
看到上面有一个密码文件orapwmember，在建库的时候默认会创建一个
=================================================================================
[2]不存在密码文件
如果没有的话可以手动创建一个。
[oracle@db1 dbs]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@db1 dbs]$ orapwd file=orapwmember password=123456 entries=3
#注意以上需要根据SID名建立的，file=orapwSID
===================================================================================
5.修改监听
[oracle@db1 dbs]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@db1 admin]$ mv listener.ora listener.ora.default
[oracle@db1 admin]$ vim listener.ora
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = db1)(PORT = 1521))
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = member)
(ORACLE_HOME = /opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
(SID_NAME = member)
)
)
#注意以上的HOST，就是HOSTNAME
[oracle@db1 admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora
MEMBER =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = localhost.localdomain)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = member)
)
)
db1 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = db1)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = db1)
)
)
db2 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = db2)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = db2)
)
)
重启下监听
[oracle@db1 admin]$ lsnrctl stop
[oracle@db1 admin]$ lsnrctl start
6.复制监听文件、参数文件、密码文件到备库
#注意一下我这边$ORACLE_HOME
[oracle@db1 ~]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME
/opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1
#传输启动参数文件
[oracle@db1 ~]$ scp /tmp/db2.pfile db2:~
#传输密码文件
[oracle@db1 ~]$ scp /opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwmember db2:/opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwmember
#传输监听文件
[oracle@db1 ~]$ scp -r /opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/{listener.ora,tnsnames.ora} db2:/opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/
在db2上修改/opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora,将db1修改为db2
[oracle@db2 ~]$ vim /opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = db2)(PORT = 1521))
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = member)
(ORACLE_HOME = /opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
(SID_NAME = member)
)
)
#只需要修改listener.ora即可，tnsnames.ora不需要动
7.主库创建standby控制文件，我们这边利用scp传送全部文件
查看下控制文件的路径
(db1)SQL> select name from v$controlfile;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/opt/oracle/oradata/member/control01.ctl
/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/member/control02.ctl
(db1)SQL> shutdown immediate;
(db1)SQL> startup mount;
(db1)SQL> alter database create standby controlfile as '/opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby.ctl';
#在/opt/oracle/oradata/member/目录下创建standby.ctl备机控制文件
8.复制主库数据文件和日志文件到备库
[oracle@db1 ~]$ scp -r /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ /opt/oracle/admin/ /opt/oracle/diag/ /opt/oracle/oradata/ db2:/opt/oracle
9.初始化备库
在备机上使用standby的控制文件覆盖原有的控制文件，覆盖的路径可以通过上一步查找控制文件的路径了解到
[oracle@db2 ~]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby.ctl /opt/oracle/oradata/member/control01.ctl
[oracle@db2 ~]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/member/standby.ctl /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/member/control02.ctl
使用db2.pfile之前修改过的参数文件进行db2
(db2)SQL> startup pfile='/home/oracle/db2.pfile' nomount;
(db2)SQL> create spfile from pfile='/home/oracle/db2.pfile';
(db2)SQL> shutdown immediate;
(db2)SQL> startup nomount;
(db2)SQL> alter database mount standby database;
(db2)SQL> alter database open read only;
以下3种应用日志的方法：（a和b选一）
a.开启实时应用日志，这样在主库插入立马就可以在备机上查找到
(db2)SQL> alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
b.开启redolog应用日志，时间较长才能查询到
(db2)SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
c.停止应用redolog，只接受日志，不重做
(db2)SQL> alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
至此，DataGuard搭建成功，在db1上创建表并插入数据，然后在db2上进行查询就可以查到了。一开始做的时候总是查不到数据，最后发现是上面应用日志的方法问题。
10.Dataguard测试：
查看Standby管理进程
(db1)SQL> select process from v$managed_standby;
PROCESS
---------
ARCH
ARCH
ARCH
ARCH
LNS
(db2)SQL> select process from v$managed_standby;
PROCESS
---------
ARCH
ARCH
ARCH
ARCH
RFS
RFS
RFS
RFS
MRP0
以上需要看到在主机上需要有LNS进程，在备机上需要RFS进程用来接收redo日志，MRP0进程就是负责将日志写入数据库中
在db1上进行切换日志，然后在db2上查看日志是否正常
(db1)SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
11
(db2)SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
11
(db1)SQL> alter system switch logfile;
(db1)SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
12
(db2)SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
12
从上面可以看出日志切换成功，DataGuard正常运行
11.主备切换测试：
db1---primary/db2---standby ===》db2--primary/db1--standby
[oracle@db1 ~]$ lsnrctl stop
(db1)SQL> alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
(db1)SQL> shutdown immediate;
(db1)SQL> startup mount;
(db1)SQL> alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
(db1)SQL> alter database open;
[oracle@db1 ~]$ lsnrctl start
(db2)SQL> alter database commit to switchover to primary;
(db2)SQL> shutdown immediate;
(db2)SQL> startup;
以上就是主备切换的流程。
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